AI in Coding: The Belief Dilemma Amongst Stack Overflow Customers

Immediately, I’m speaking with Prashanth Chandrasekar, who’s the CEO of Stack Overflow. I final had Prashanth on the present in 2022, one month earlier than ChatGPT launched. Whereas the generative AI growth had tons of impression on all kinds of corporations, it instantly upended every thing about Stack Overflow in an existential manner.

Stack Overflow, in case you’re not conversant in it, is the query and reply discussion board for builders writing code. Earlier than the AI explosion, it was a thriving neighborhood the place builders requested for and obtained assist with sophisticated programming issues. But when there’s one factor AI is sweet at, it’s serving to builders write code — and never simply write code, however develop whole working apps. On prime of that, Stack Overflow’s boards themselves turned flooded with AI-generated solutions, bringing down the standard of the neighborhood as an entire.

You’ll hear Prashanth clarify that it was clear kind of from the bounce how massive a deal ChatGPT was going to be, and his response was pure Decoder bait. He known as an organization emergency, reallocated about 10 p.c of the employees to determine options to the ChatGPT downside, and made some fairly enormous selections about construction and group to navigate that change.

Three years later, Prashanth says Stack Overflow is now very snug primarily as an enterprise SaaS enterprise, which supplies AI-based options which can be tailor-made to totally different corporations’ inside methods. Stack Overflow additionally operates an enormous knowledge licensing enterprise, promoting knowledge from its neighborhood again to all these AI corporations, massive and small.

That’s a reasonably large pivot from being seen because the place the place everybody can go to get assist with their code. So I needed to ask him: does Stack Overflow even entice new customers anymore, in 2025, when ChatGPT can do all of it for you? Prashanth mentioned sure, after all. You’ll hear him clarify that whereas AI can deal with easy issues, for thorny, advanced ones, you actually need to speak to an actual individual. That’s the place Stack Overflow nonetheless brings individuals collectively.

You’ll hear us come again to a single stat specifically: Prashanth says greater than 80 p.c of Stack Overflow customers need to use AI or are already utilizing AI for code-related subjects, however solely 29 p.c of that inhabitants really trusts AI to do helpful work.

That’s an enormous break up, and it’s one I see throughout in AI proper now. AI is in every single place, in every thing, and but enormous numbers of individuals say they hate it. We see it, within the Decoder inbox, within the feedback on The Verge, and on our movies on YouTube. Everybody says they hate it — and but numbers don’t lie about what number of thousands and thousands of individuals are utilizing it and apparently deriving some profit.

It’s an enormous contradiction and laborious to unpack. However Prashanth was fairly prepared to get into it with me. I feel you’ll discover his solutions and his perception very attention-grabbing.

Okay: Prashanth Chandrasekar, CEO of Stack Overflow. Right here we go.

This interview has been frivolously edited for size and readability.

Prashanth Chandrasekar, you’re the CEO of Stack Overflow. Welcome to Decoder.

Great to see you once more. It’s been a sizzling minute. It has been three years for the reason that final time we spoke, so it’s nice to see you once more.

I ought to have mentioned welcome again to Decoder. You had been final on the present in October 2022. One month later, ChatGPT launched.

[Laughs] That was an curiously timed interview, proper earlier than the world modified.

Proper earlier than the world modified. Software program improvement is definitely the factor that has modified essentially the most since AI fashions have hit. There are loads of new merchandise in your universe to speak about, and there’s what Stack Overflow itself is doing on the earth of AI. So I need to speak about all of that.

However first, take me again to that second. We had spent a whole dialog in 2022 speaking about neighborhood and moderation, the way you had been going to construct a funnel of individuals studying to code, and studying to make use of Stack Overflow. That was an enormous a part of our dialog. The engineer pipeline, each them studying to put in writing software program and being part of the software program improvement neighborhood, was very a lot in your thoughts. After which, all of software program improvement modified due to the AI instrument. Describe that second for me as a result of I feel it contextualizes every thing that occurred afterwards.

It was undoubtedly a really, very stunning second. It wasn’t an sudden second in some ways as a result of right here got here this know-how that clearly some individuals knew about however not in a manner that captured all people’s creativeness utilizing this lovely interface. We had been in the midst of wrapping up our calendar yr, and at that time, we had been interested by our priorities for the subsequent yr.

It turned very clear what we would have liked to deal with as a result of this was going to be this very, very enormous change to how individuals eat know-how. Welcome to know-how. It’s always altering, and I feel this wave particularly is totally unprecedented. I don’t assume there may be any form of analogy or prior wave that I may look to, together with the cloud and perhaps the web. I don’t assume we’re nonetheless absolutely consuming what that is in the meanwhile.

So, we went into what’s the equal of a code crimson state of affairs inside the corporate. It was an existential second, particularly for our public platform as a result of the first job, if you’ll, is all about ensuring individuals get solutions to their questions. Now, you will have this actually, actually slick pure language interface that lets you do this at a second’s discover. We needed to form of arrange our ideas, and what I ended up doing was carving out 10 p.c of the corporate’s assets to particularly deal with a response to this.

We set a selected date to reply in a significant style, so we mentioned the summer time of 2023. I used to be going to go communicate on the WeAreDevelopers Convention in Berlin, and I successfully advised the corporate, “We’ve received six months to go and produce our response.” At the least, it might be our preliminary response as a result of that is going to maintain iterating.

That’s how we mobilized the corporate. We acknowledged it was a code crimson second, we carved out a crew of 10 p.c, so about 40 individuals or so since we had been a considerably medium-sized firm. Then, we set to work. That was the second.

Take me inside that room. Only a few individuals ever get to ship the code crimson memo, proper? This isn’t a factor most individuals ever get to do. Perhaps you consider doing it, however nobody’s going to learn your memo. Everybody has to learn your memo. You’re the CEO.

Take me inside that room the place you mentioned, “Okay, I’ve recognized an existential risk to our firm. Folks have come to us for solutions to software program improvement questions.” Once more, the final time you had been on the present, you had been speaking in regards to the thought that there have been objectively proper solutions to software program improvement questions and that the neighborhood may present them and vote on them. Effectively, now you’ve received a robotic that may do it and may do it as a lot as you need, so long as you need. There are instruments like Cursor AI and Cloud Code that may run off and do it for you.

So that you’ve received all that, and also you say, “I must take 10 p.c of the corporate.” I’m curious how massive the corporate is. I do know there’s been some adjustments, however 10 p.c of the corporate is 40, 50 individuals. How did you determine and say, “That is the second I want to drag these individuals within the room. I’m making this choice, and the fitting reply is 40, 50 individuals are going to put aside their time to ship me a plan by this time subsequent yr?”.

The intuition has come from a pair totally different experiences. My expertise proper earlier than this was at Rackspace within the cloud providers area. The enterprise I used to be working at Rackspace was really round responding to Amazon Net Providers as a cloud know-how risk. I used to be on the crew that in the end constructed that enterprise from the bottom up, and it was successfully 10 p.c of Rackspace’s inhabitants that went and created that. So, I had some observe seeing and responding to a disruptive risk that you just encounter. It was my flip now to place that into movement at Stack by appointing any individual like myself once I was at Rackspace to do precisely the identical factor.

The opposite knowledge level goes all the way in which again a pair many years or extra once I was in enterprise faculty. My professor was Clayton Christensen, and he wrote the e-book The Innovator’s Dilemma. I’ve at all times thought of that within the context of know-how. In know-how, it’s a very constant theme that sometimes, you’ll have disruptive threats, and there’s a really particular manner wherein it’s essential reply to that. It’s very a lot about how historical past suggests you must carve out an autonomous crew that has very totally different incentives and may pursue issues in a really totally different manner relative to the remainder of your corporation.

And keep in mind, Stack Overflow is basically two elements. We’ve our public platform, which is that this massive net disruptor and which we must always speak about extra broadly regarding the web). The opposite facet is the enterprise enterprise, the place we’re serving massive corporations with a personal model of Stack Overflow. Fortunately, individuals proceed to see worth in having a data base that’s very correct. More and more over the previous few years, it’s really even turn out to be extra useful since you want actually nice context for AI brokers and assistants to work. I’ve received loads of examples, so we will speak about that.

So, that’s the place that response got here from. I had been by means of it in a pair totally different dimensions previous to that. And simply when it comes to how I communicated to the crew, the memo was really like a collection of memos. Each Friday, I ship an organization electronic mail. I simply despatched one proper earlier than I received on right here. I’m fairly clear in these: “Right here’s what’s on my thoughts, right here’s what we must be doing, listed below are some nice issues that occurred, listed below are some individuals who demonstrated core values.”

I’ve finished that religiously for… I’ve been on the firm for six years, and I do that each Friday. The crew mainly is aware of what’s on my thoughts, and so it wasn’t one massive memo to activate it. It was a collection of emails main as much as this second saying, “right here’s what we’re going to be, we’ve received to answer this, right here’s what we’re interested by now,” and so forth and so forth. This went on till I may put the flag ballot down and say, “Hey, by the WeAreDevelopers Convention, now we have to provide a significant response on the general public platform in addition to on the enterprise entrance as a result of it’s an incredible alternative to combine AI into our SaaS utility, which is a unique vector.” Hopefully that helps.

Did you really kind the phrases “code crimson?”

I feel I undoubtedly used “disruptive.” I used “existential second.” I used all these issues, however I don’t know if I used the precise phrases, “code crimson.”

[Laughs] I simply take into consideration that second the place you’re like, “All proper, I’m going to hit the C and the O… I’m saying these phrases, it’s taking place.”

It was very clear. We’ve a really particular communication cadence with the corporate, like many others. The tone and seriousness of what we had been engaged on was very apparent to individuals, particularly whenever you carve out assets and take individuals away from sure groups. Persons are going to ask, “Wow, what about my employees?” Right here you go, there’s the rationale. So, it turns into very apparent.

How did you make these selections to drag individuals away? How did you determine which individuals, how did you determine which groups? These are all trade-offs, proper?

Yeah, little question. I feel it is a laborious downside to unravel. You definitely need very proficient individuals, however I feel you need the forms of people who find themselves prepared to interrupt glass or go in opposition to the grain and never be encumbered by historic norms. I very particularly picked a mix of individuals. The people who find themselves main it had been newer and got here from the skin of the corporate as a result of keep in mind, we had been going by means of a change.

I joined an organization that was engineering-led in 2019 and all about this public platform, and we had been remodeling into this product-led group. We particularly appointed a more recent one that had come from the skin, was inquisitive about constructing extremely progressive, quick iterating merchandise, and had the DNA and the drive to do it.

I additionally personally stayed a lot nearer to it. I, in reality, ran product for an interim time period with that individual reporting on to me. That was one other method to keep very, very near what was taking place on the bottom till the precise launch. The remainder of the crew was a mix of very proficient engineers, designers, and individuals who had context of how the positioning labored up to now and who may present us with all of the unlocks that we would have liked.

I take into consideration Stack Overflow in what are in all probability two reductive phrases on this context. You’ve gotten inputs, you will have outputs. The inputs are customers answering questions. The outputs are the solutions to these questions that folks come and seek for. There’s an entire neighborhood that makes that system run. The software program platform manages that neighborhood with the occasion moderators, nevertheless it’s actually inputs and outputs. There are people who find themselves asking questions and people who find themselves answering questions.

Each side of which can be deeply affected by AI. I feel now we have come to the open net a part of the dialog, the place the enter facet is being flooded by AI generated slop. In 2022, you needed to ban AI-generated solutions in Stack Overflow. Then, on the output facet, the power for AI instruments to produce the solutions is overwhelming.

So, let’s simply break it into two elements. How did you consider the enter facet, the place there’s a flood of individuals saying, “Oh, I can reply these questions sooner than ever by simply asking ChatGPT and pasting the reply in. Perhaps that’s not adequate, however I can simply do it.” Then, how did you consider the output facet?

We observed two issues proper out of the gate. One was the variety of questions that had been being requested and answered on Stack went by means of the roof as a result of individuals began utilizing, to your level, ChatGPT to reply these questions. That fueled this spike, which is type of counterintuitive, however I feel individuals simply felt like, “Wow, I can recreation the system, so let me go do it.” In a short time, we needed to be extraordinarily shrewd, and our neighborhood members are wonderful at determining what’s actual and what’s not. They had been capable of name out in a short time that these posts had been really ChatGPT generated. That’s type of what initiated the ban, which we utterly supported and nonetheless help, by the way in which. You continue to can not reply any of the questions on Stack Overflow with AI-generated content material.

The explanation for that, Nilay, is as a result of our proposition is to be the trusted very important supply for applied sciences. That’s our imaginative and prescient for the corporate. So for us, it’s all about ensuring that there are only some locations the place you possibly can go and never cope with AI slop, the place a neighborhood of specialists have really voted and curated it so you possibly can belief it for varied functions. On the enter facet, it made sense to try this, and we proceed to try this.

Quick-forward a little bit bit to now, and now we have created all kinds of latest entry factors onto the positioning, although we’ve had excessive requirements to ask a query on Stack Overflow. We simply launched our AI Help function into common availability earlier this week, and it’s been tremendous thrilling to observe how customers are utilizing that. It’s successfully an AI conversational interface grounded on our 90 million questions and solutions.

Then, there’s the power for individuals to ask subjective questions, going again to our final dialog three years in the past. Now individuals are capable of ask open-ended questions as a result of there’s a spot for Q&A, which is the canonical reply to a query. There’s additionally a spot for dialogue and dialog as a result of there’s a lot altering. It’s not like all of the solutions have been discovered, so let’s simply be sure that individuals have a capability to try this. That’s aligned with our mission of “cultivating neighborhood,” which is among the three elements of our mission. The opposite ones are “energy studying” and “unlocking development.” So, now we have finished all these items to be sure that we’re not restrictive on the entry level and the question-asking expertise.

The opposite factor on the reply facet is that we realized it’s essential to go wherever the consumer is spending time. Now that the world has modified and individuals are in reality utilizing Cursor AI and GitHub Copilot to put in writing their code, our aim is to be the very important supply for know-how. So let’s present up wherever our customers are. We’veactually turn out to be much more headless.

For instance, we not too long ago launched MCP servers for each our public platform and our enterprise product. What individuals are utilizing our platform to do now could be to not solely invoke these MCP servers — let’s say in the event that they’re writing code in Cursor and need to know the distinction between model one and model two — however to additionally to have the ability to write again to our platform straight from Cursor in the event that they need to have interaction and get a deeper reply, which could be very distinctive within the trade.

So, that’s been our product precept: simply go anyplace the consumer is. However in the end, we simply need to be that reliable very important supply for technologists, whether or not it’s inside corporations or outdoors corporations.

How do you monetize in a world the place you’re headless, the place you’re simply one other database that somebody’s querying from Cursor? How does that make you cash?

We earn a living primarily in two methods. We’ve a 3rd manner, fortunately, however the third manner is the smallest half, so I’ll begin with the most important. Our enterprise enterprise, what we name Stack Inner, is now utilized by 25,000 corporations world wide. Among the world’s largest organizations, banks, tech corporations, and retail corporations use this product to share data internally. More and more, they’re now ready to make use of that reliable data to energy their AI assistants and AI brokers to go do varied issues.

An excellent instance of that is Uber, which is a buyer of Stack Overflow Inner and it has Uber Genie. It has hundreds of questions and solutions on our platform. Uber Genie plugs into that content material by means of our APIs, after which it’s ready to enter issues like Slack channels to routinely reply questions and drive productiveness so that you just’re not bothering individuals. It’s rooted within the group’s data on our platform.

So, the enterprise enterprise is our main enterprise. The second enterprise is our knowledge licensing enterprise, which we really constructed solely over the previous couple of years. One of many issues we additionally observed was that loads of the AI labs had been leveraging our knowledge for LLM pre-training and post-training wants, together with retrieval-augmented era (RAG) indexing, so we put up an entire bunch of anti-scrapers. We labored with third-party corporations, and really shortly we received calls from loads of them saying, “We want entry to your knowledge. Let’s work collectively to formally get entry.” We had to try this, and now we’ve struck partnership agreements with each single AI lab that you can imagine, each cloud hyperscaler that you can imagine — corporations like Google, OpenAI — and even partnerships with Databricks and Snowflake, although they’re not doing LLM pre-training. That’s been our second enterprise extra not too long ago.

And the third one, which is the smallest a part of our firm, is promoting. I feel most individuals assume that Stack Overflow is supported fully by promoting, nevertheless it’s solely about 20 p.c of our firm income. We’ve a really captive, essential viewers of builders who spend time on the positioning, so now we have massive advertisers that need to get their consideration on varied merchandise. In reality, there’s loads of competitors now, in order that they more and more need to do this. That’s how we earn a living.

So, within the context of changing into headless, for us it’s about our enterprise product. It really works on a subscription and with hybrid pricing. That’s how we earn a living there. The information licensing is analogous in that if individuals need entry, they’ve received to pay for that. Then, sure, promoting is restricted to a number of the largest corporations, and so they pay us for that. However there’s at all times going to be… I might say it’s an “and” versus an “or.” We’re not going to be utterly headless. I feel we simply need to give the consumer the choice to be headless. Loads of individuals nonetheless come to the positioning, and in that case, we’re capable of steadiness that out with these mechanisms.

Do you assume new customers are going to come back to Stack Overflow? Stack Overflow is a product of the cell period. There’s an explosion of software program improvement. There’s an explosion of neighborhood. There’s a tradition within the worth of constructing apps and providers, and there’s new instruments. Stack Overflow is among the central gathering factors for that neighborhood in that period.

New builders in the present day would possibly simply open Cloud Code, Cursor, GitHub, or no matter, and simply speak to that. They may by no means really enterprise out right into a neighborhood in an identical manner. Do you assume you may get individuals to come back to Stack Overflow immediately and search out solutions from different individuals, or are they only going to speak to the AIs?

I feel that for easy questions… By the way in which, after we noticed the questions decline in early 2023, what we realized is that just about all these declines had been with quite simple questions. The advanced questions nonetheless get requested on Stack as a result of there’s no different place. If the LLMs are solely pretty much as good as the info, which is often human curated, we’re among the best locations for that, if not the perfect for know-how. It’s nonetheless a really energetic web site with loads of engagement and loads of month-to-month energetic utilization.

The questions being requested are fairly superior, I might say. What we’re additionally more and more seeing by means of the brand new mechanisms that we’ve opened up… as a result of to reply your query, we need to give individuals different causes to come back to the positioning moreover simply getting their solutions. So, now we have needed to broaden our web site’s goal, therefore the mission of “domesticate neighborhood, energy studying, and unlock development.”

What we’ve finished is open up new entry factors, new methods for individuals to interact. We, for instance, unlocked the power for people to speak with one another to get directional steering. That’s been a very fashionable function on the positioning the place individuals are participating with different specialists. For instance, now we have individuals asking OpenAI API questions, and so they can go into the OpenAI chatroom and have interaction with different individuals who have related questions, or Python specialists.

We additionally opened up the power for individuals to exhibit their data with challenges, successfully like hackathons. We’ve opened up an entire collection of challenges, that are a very fashionable function now. Folks spend time to go and resolve these challenges that we put up, and that manner, they will showcase their understanding of the basics, which I feel is essential when it comes to the place the world goes.

If individuals are simply utilizing vibe coding instruments and code gen instruments, corporations bringing in younger expertise must know that they’re counting on individuals who not solely took the shortcut, but in addition perceive the basics. We’re one of many few locations the place you possibly can really show that you just’ve discovered the basics. So, that’s the opposite purpose why we’ve opened up these new mechanisms.

Then, there’s the third a part of the mission, which is unlocking development. There’s going to be loads of job disruption due to all this. If individuals’s jobs are going to alter fairly dramatically, junior builders are going to want a house, although I feel it’s a shortsighted transfer by many corporations to cease hiring them contemplating you want a pipeline. They’re going to want to attach with different individuals, to have the ability to progress, be taught, and get jobs. Jobs are an important half. We struck a partnership with Certainly this previous yr to companion on tech jobs. It’s simply to broaden the scope of our web site in order that there are various different causes aside from asking the questions. They nonetheless do, however we additionally need to give them extra causes to come back to the positioning.

This involves the massive stress in all of this. I see it enjoying out in every kind of various communities. I see it enjoying out in our personal feedback in loads of methods. You need to construct a neighborhood of people who find themselves serving to different individuals get higher, and that’s being disrupted on each facet by AI. Communities which can be constructed round individuals are fairly immune to the incursion of AI.

This has undoubtedly occurred on Stack Overflow. Your moderators have primarily revolted over the power to take away AI-generated solutions as quick as they need to. Whenever you partnered with OpenAI, a bunch of customers began deleting content material so it wouldn’t be fed into OpenAI for coaching, and also you needed to ban a bunch of them. How are you managing that steadiness? As a result of in case you construct communities round individuals, I might say the tradition — proper now anyway — is that these communities will push again in opposition to AI very laborious.

I might say one of the vital issues that we’ve centered on (and that I’ve hung out on over the previous few years), is that this entire push and pull of how we take into consideration AI within the context of our web site. As a result of it’s fairly clear to us that if we don’t modernize the positioning within the context of us leveraging AI as an entry level that it’s going to be much less related over time. That’s not good. So, we’ve taken a really aggressive stance by incorporating AI into the general public platform with AI Help, which has been improbable to see. I’ll stroll you thru the choice on why we did that. Then, we did the identical factor on the enterprise facet.

If I take into consideration the consumer base at Stack Overflow, it’s type of like an enormous nation, proper? We’ve received 100 million individuals, and there’s undoubtedly individuals on either side of the spectrum. We’ve one thing known as the 1-9-90 rule. One p.c are the hardcore customers who’ve spent loads of time with their blood, sweat and tears curating data, spending their time on the positioning, and contributing. 9 p.c are doing it in a medium manner, and 90 p.c are consuming and largely lurking.

We ask individuals on the positioning whether or not or not they’re utilizing AI. Our personal surveys mainly say, in case you took a take a look at the Stack Overflow 2025 Developer Survey, over 80 p.c of our neighborhood members are utilizing AI or intend to make use of AI. Eighty p.c. However the belief stage once they’re utilizing AI is simply about 29 p.c. Solely 29 p.c of our consumer base really trusts what’s popping out of AI, which is definitely fairly acceptable contemplating the place we’re as a result of there must be skepticism of this new know-how.

So, there’s enthusiasm to strive it however to not absolutely belief it. And with this 1-9-90 rule, I feel what now we have is a core group of customers which can be at all times going to be the protectors of the corporate’s unique mission, which was to create this utterly correct data base and do nothing extra. Then, now we have a really massive variety of people who find themselves, let’s say, the subsequent era of builders, who need to leverage the most recent and best instruments. It’s very clear to us based mostly on surveys and extra analysis that they need to use pure language because the interface to have the ability to do that.

It’s the most significant change when it comes to pc science improvement. For those who look all the way in which again to object-oriented programming many many years in the past, that wasn’t really such an enormous growth. It didn’t really create this form of change. However now, we’re on this second the place every thing’s been unlocked. It’s an enormous change effort, and we’ve needed to determine to respect the unique mission and maintain accuracy on the coronary heart of it. We’re not snug utilizing AI for solutions, for instance, as a result of it’ll generate slop. It hallucinates, therefore why the belief rating is low. However why don’t we incorporate pure language interfaces in order that’s the popular method to have interaction? So, we ended up doing that, each on the general public facet in addition to on the enterprise facet.

That’s been properly obtained by the overwhelming majority of customers, however there’ll at all times be a vocal minority who will push again in opposition to incorporation. Past the positioning, there’s only a stage of broader concern about what all this does to jobs, and what’s going to occur if we let the cat out of the bag. So,there’s that concern additionally, which is comprehensible.

Let me put a high-quality level on that. I feel I perceive that in a sharper manner. If I’m any individual in your 1 p.c who spends loads of time on Stack Overflow serving to different individuals. The explanation I reply questions at no cost in your platform, which you monetize in numerous methods, is as a result of I can immediately see that my effort helps different individuals develop and that I’m serving to different individuals resolve issues. That’s one very self-contained dynamic. The final time you had been on the present, our whole dialog was about that dynamic and the way you bought individuals to take part in that dynamic and the worth of it.

Then out of the blue, there’s a really clear financial profit to the corporate that owns the database as a result of it’s promoting my effort to OpenAI, which is going on throughout the board. It’s going to do these knowledge licensing offers with all these AI suppliers, they’re going to coach on the solutions that I’ve painstakingly entered into this database to assist different individuals, and now the subsequent era of software program engineers goes to get auto-complete that’s based mostly on my work and I’ve gotten nothing. I’ve heard that from tons and plenty of individuals. I’ve heard that in our personal neighborhood, and I feel I’ve felt that as varied media corporations have made these offers.

How do you reply to that? As a result of it feels such as you had been offering a database that you just needed to monetize in some methods, however the interplay individuals had was the worth, and now there’s one other type of financial worth that’s perhaps overshadowing, recasting, or re-characterizing the interplay that folks have.

There are a few factors there. One is about this firm’s unique DNA and why individuals got here collectively to do that factor. Once I joined the corporate, I requested a query like, “What’s individuals’s incentive to spend time doing this?” I requested the founders, particularly [co-founder] Joel Spolsky, about this. His level was that the software program improvement neighborhood could be very altruistic. Folks simply need to assist one another out as a result of individuals perceive how irritating… I used to put in writing code a few years in the past. I not too long ago picked it again up with a number of the code-generation instruments, which is attention-grabbing to match and distinction. I simply keep in mind how irritating it was in case you received caught on one thing. Stack was an enormous boon when it was created to unlock this. It was actually out of that. That was the rationale.

Even earlier than ChatGPT, we additionally requested the query, “Ought to we incentivize customers by paying them? Ought to we give them a financial profit?” That wasn’t a excessive ask by a consumer base. We went and researched individuals. Folks weren’t in for the cash. Plus, it complicates issues as a result of how do you choose the cost for a specific JavaScript query relative to a specific Python query? It goes down a rabbit gap, which is untenable. In order that’s one. What was the unique purpose individuals received collectively; it was in regards to the mission.

Secondly, when it comes to why now we have to do that and if it’s unfair. The first purpose now we have to go down the licensing route is as a result of the mannequin of the web has actually been turned the other way up. I do know you speak about this, Nilay, with the “DoorDash downside.” Folks relied on the mannequin of the web the place individuals go to search engines like google and yahoo and web sites and also you monetize off of advertisements. I actually empathize with content material websites which can be closely depending on promoting as a result of I feel most content material websites’ visitors is down 30 or 40 p.c, one thing like that. There’s this enormous seed shift the place corporations that help these platforms must… we’re a enterprise in the end. So, what do now we have to do? We’ve to do what is important and undertake a brand new enterprise mannequin to outlive, thrive, and do all of the issues.

Fortunately for us, we had an enterprise enterprise, which is impartial of all of this. Fortunately for us, we nonetheless had the promoting enterprise, and enormous advertisers nonetheless cared about our neighborhood. So, knowledge licensing solely felt proper when it comes to ensuring that we will successfully capitalize on the second and be capable of make investments again into our neighborhood in order that people who find themselves there for the fitting causes noticed the advantages. We’ve invested with all these new options I simply talked about. Whether or not it’s these new content material varieties, challenges, chat, AI Help, any of these items, all of them take assets to go and construct. So, we needed to go and leverage the funds we obtained to have the ability to go do this.

Now sooner or later, we might contemplate different methods. For instance, ought to we pay our customers, give them a bit of the info licensing income? Maybe. We at all times ask that query. There are at all times methods for us to proceed, however that is the present setup that now we have proper now. It’s balancing loads of issues.

You talked about that to get to the info licensing offers, you needed to put up a bunch of anti-scraper instruments. You had to enter secondary and tertiary layers of the stack to get offers from Databricks and other forms of suppliers. The AI corporations had been simply scraping your web site earlier than. They in all probability nonetheless are. Whether or not or not they’re paying you, they’re in all probability nonetheless simply going by means of the entrance door as a result of all of them seem like doing that. Did you need to say, “We’re stopping you,” after which go get the deal? Or did you say, “Hey, we all know you’re doing this, however you need to pay us or we’re going to start out litigating?”

It’s someplace in between. We put up the anti-scrapers in a short time. We even modified the way in which wherein individuals obtained our knowledge dumps. Once more, there’s a steadiness as a result of we by no means needed to forestall our neighborhood customers from grabbing our knowledge for his or her professional wants, like their faculty initiatives or PhD theses. So, we’ve continued to be open about our knowledge for our neighborhood members, however they must be neighborhood members, and there will be corporations seeking to commercialize off the info.

We had been very particular in regards to the coverage phrases. We put up know-how that prevented individuals from grabbing it, so we knew precisely who’s scraping and who’s not scraping. We reached out to a few of these people and mentioned,, “Look, stand down since you’re placing loads of stress on our servers by doing what you’re doing, so take it simple in right here.”

However I feel my characterization of these corporations is that they don’t care. A few of them care and need to be good residents, and a few of them completely don’t care and they’d desire the smoke. You possibly can simply categorize them. There’s a purpose Amazon is suing Perplexity. They advised Perplexity to cease it and Perplexity received’t. The New York Instances, as we’re talking in the present day, is suing Perplexity. Then, there are different gamers performing in several methods and placing totally different sorts of offers.

Stroll me by means of a type of offers. Whenever you went and struck your cope with OpenAI, was it, “We’re going to cease you, and if you’d like the door to be open once more, you need to pay us?” Or was it, “You recognize that is mistaken. We are able to take all of the technical and authorized measures, however we must always really simply get to the deal appropriately?” Stroll me by means of that dialog.

We had been incorporating one thing like OpenAI into our product. Bear in mind the code crimson state of affairs the place we had been about to announce our AI response. So, we had been really utilizing that know-how to do what we needed to do to include AI into the general public platform and our enterprise product. We had a relationship with them, and we additionally mentioned, “Look, this isn’t going to work. It’s not tenable, and that is the brand new manner of working. Perhaps we’d like a brand new enterprise association so that you can use the info. Let’s even have a dialog.” And credit score to them, they had been very partner-centric round that. I used to be very impressed by OpenAI and corporations like Google which can be all very open to participating on this subject and needed to be accountable AI companions.

They received it instantly, even earlier than we requested them. It wasn’t this massive, “Let’s go have this dialog from the bottom up and justify why it needed to be finished.” We simply mentioned, “Look, that is what must occur as a result of it is a new enterprise mannequin.” We received into the dialog fairly shortly. “What precisely are you in search of? Which format of knowledge do you need to scrape the content material? Would you like bulk uploads? Would you like API calls? What would you like?”

So, we received into that entire combine. And remind you, Nilay, these are recurring revenue-type offers. These should not one time funds. If you would like entry and also you need continued entry sooner or later, you’ve received to maintain paying, even with the historic knowledge. In order that’s how these are arrange.

So sure, they had been very collaborative companions. However you’re proper. There are contradictory gamers. They are saying one thing and their actions show different issues when it comes to how they’ve engaged. There are holdouts for positive and people who find themselves not precisely in line with their phrase, and that’s unlucky. I feel each firm like us has to determine what to do about that. We’re in varied levels of those conversations with individuals on how to verify we sensibly get them to do the fitting factor.

Now you need to title a type of corporations. Who do you assume is holding out in a different way than their public posture?

I’d fairly not be particular, however all the standard suspects that you just’re masking are the standard suspects that we’re encountering. That’s how I might put that.

Let me ask you in regards to the recurring income piece after which I need to get into the Decoder questions as a result of I feel they’ll be illuminating after this dialog. There’s a way that we’ve finished all of the pre-training that we’re going to do, proper? Scraping the web shouldn’t be the way forward for these fashions, and there must be another leap.

Stack Overflow’s present corpus of knowledge is the precious factor. There’s loads of info. There’s 20 years of stuff in that database. What’s the worth of “you need to pay us once more to coach the subsequent model of Gemini or GPT” and the worth of “there’s incremental info being added to the prevailing database?” As a result of that looks like a transparent break up to me.

The best way we’ve thought of that is that each mannequin that’s being skilled is skilled on some corpus of knowledge. You’re going from GPT X to Y. For those who’re leveraging our unique knowledge or some spinoff of that from a previous mannequin within the new mannequin that you just’re coaching, then you need to pay us for it. That’s successfully the authorized requirement for doing that. So, it’s a cumulative facet. Let’s not overlook that. Folks must pay for the cumulative knowledge. It’s not simply that it was used again within the day. And sure, relative to twenty years, one yr’s value of knowledge goes to be much less, however that’s why you’re getting 20 plus one. That’s the thought. So, that’s the way in which the authorized settlement has been arrange.

Is it per yr? Is it that yearly’s value of knowledge is a piece of cash? How does that work?

No, it’s cumulative, like the entire corpus: historic knowledge in addition to something going ahead for the next yr. All that’s one collected knowledge set, and that’s successfully charged as one.

So, this yr’s knowledge doesn’t get pulled into Gemini 3’s knowledge set, which simply got here out, proper? Each new query and reply in Stack Overflow since Gemini 3 got here out shouldn’t be included in Gemini 3’s coaching.

So that you’re type of betting that they’re simply going to coach ever-bigger fashions. Is that the way it’s structured in your thoughts?

Yeah. And a few corporations have requested for huge use circumstances. There are pre-training use circumstances. Even past that, you possibly can leverage the info in many alternative methods for AI and non-AI use circumstances, like search use circumstances. However right. There could also be situations the place extra bigger fashions are constructed, and our knowledge goes to be helpful for these situations. However there’s going to be RAG indexing, post-training wants, all kinds of situations. It’s fairly attention-grabbing to see a number of the frontier labs ask for very particular slices of knowledge that they discover helpful.

Bear in mind, there’s not solely questions and solutions. We’ve received the remark historical past, the metadata historical past, the voting historical past, the historical past of Consumer A taking place this path. So, it’s loads of glorious context for issues like reasoning and having the ability to mimic the human mind. It’s virtually like one human mind that’s been documented.

This, I feel, brings me to the Decoder questions. You’ve restructured the corporate. There’s been some rounds of layoffs. You’ve refocused on the SaaS enterprise in an actual manner. I feel we must always speak about that. However there’s the concept we’re going to coach ever-bigger fashions and that would be the rising a part of the enterprise, versus wanting some slices, versus RAG really being the long run for lots of those different companies. You’d make totally different selections based mostly on which a type of goes to develop sooner, and I don’t assume anyone is aware of. Perhaps you understand. You possibly can inform me if you understand or you understand somebody who is aware of,

However we’re in a really nascent interval for all of this improvement. How have you ever structured the corporate to even out all of that danger and be ready for the way individuals will really need the info sooner or later? Perhaps you understand, I don’t assume I do know.

It’s laborious to foretell clearly. We’ve received some good minds, like Demis Hassabis at Google and others, who’re developing with the subsequent generational leap of regardless of the equal of transformer know-how is to maintain going in direction of this final aim, which is AGI.

So sure, you’re proper. It’s laborious to know precisely what reveals up and when. Nevertheless, the way in which we’re structured as an organization is in successfully two elements. One half is the enterprise enterprise. We’ve a product crew, engineering crew, and a go-to market crew centered on that. The enterprise merchandise enterprise could be very clear. Then, the opposite facet of the home is what we name “neighborhood merchandise”. That crew focuses on the general public platform, all of the options that we’ve talked about to date, AI Help and all of the subjective new questions, and chat. That is the neighborhood facet. The information licensing enterprise sits in that group, and so they’re tied to the engagement of the positioning. So, there’s a virtuous cycle there.

So, that’s how we’re break up. Once more, that features product assets, a small go-to market crew, engineering people, and so on. Additionally, there’s our neighborhood administration crew, which spends loads of time with the moderators to interact there. So, it’s break up down the center, and our different capabilities help each.

How massive is Stack Overflow in the present day? I do know you laid off virtually 1 / 4 of the corporate in 2023 due to visitors declines. You’ve constructed different companies. How massive are you in the present day?

We’re about 300 individuals or so. Yeah, that’s our measurement.

Do you assume the income you’re going to see from knowledge licensing or your SaaS enterprise goes to assist you to develop once more?

We imagine so. We’re a rising firm. We’re worthwhile. So financially, we’re fortunately in an excellent spot. Now, it’s all about putting bets on the best development alternatives. We imagine creating this information intelligence layer inside enterprise by means of our Stack Inner product is an outstanding development alternative as a result of clients are pulling us in that course, which is improbable to see.

That’s the place you’re headed. These are a few of your bulletins. I need to speak about that in a second, however I’m simply centered on the long run is the SaaS enterprise for enterprise. The long run is knowledge licensing. Are you continue to seeing declines on the general public web site?

I might say it’s stabilized for a couple of months. I feel the engagement and the exercise on the positioning are literally fairly secure. The drop in questions that I discussed beforehand had been all the easy questions, and it appears to have gotten to a spot the place advanced questions are being requested. We’ve a constant variety of individuals on the positioning each day. We’ve one thing known as a heartbeat. In reality, anyone can go test it out. For those who go to StackOverflow.com and scroll to the underside, you’ll see what number of customers are on-line in the meanwhile. And so that you’ll at all times see a really constant quantity there. I feel it’s laborious to foretell the long run, however definitely I feel the worst of it was again in 2023, 2024, for positive..

The query I ask all people on Decoder, as you properly know, is how do you make selections. The final time you had been on the present, you mentioned that you just needed to be on the entrance traces as a lot as doable, and also you needed to learn by people who find themselves on the bottom. Has that modified up to now three years? What’s your decision-making course of?

Not likely. I feel it’s essential for leaders and other people like CEOs to have the complete context as a result of you possibly can’t have filtered info. I spent loads of time with customers and clients actually understanding what they care about. That’s how we even selected one thing as controversial because the AI Help function. It wasn’t apparent to say, “let’s go and construct that” if you weren’t listening on the bottom. As a result of in case you simply hearken to the headline statements, it appeared like individuals didn’t need to combine AI into Stack Overflow. However the actuality is that many, many customers — the 90 p.c I discussed — needed a pure language interface. That’s what they’re snug utilizing lately, and that’s what they needed. In order that’s why we determined to try this.

One of many issues that I see in every single place is that break up. You talked about 1-9-90 earlier than. There’s a really vocal minority. We see it in our personal visitors on TheVerge. We cowl AI deeply, and we’re advised that everybody hates it. I perceive why. I perceive the feedback. That’s what I’ll say. I get it.

Then, I see the utilization numbers. I see the visitors on our protection of AI instruments. I see corporations like yours saying that everybody’s utilizing it. There’s some gigantic break up there that’s in contrast to some other I feel I’ve ever encountered masking know-how over the previous 15 years. Everybody says they don’t prefer it, after which they’re utilizing the hell out of it.

The one different one I can consider that’s barely comparable is how individuals really feel about Adobe. Everybody makes use of the instruments and everybody’s mad on the Artistic Cloud subscription payment. It’s mainly the one comparability I’ve. It’s not a very good one, it doesn’t map one-to-one, nevertheless it’s as shut as I’ve come to that break up.

What in your thoughts accounts for that break up with AI the place individuals don’t prefer it, are very vocal about not liking it, after which we see the numbers and everybody’s type of utilizing it anyway?

I feel it comes right down to that knowledge level I shared earlier: that 80-plus p.c of our consumer base desires to make use of AI or is already utilizing AI for code-related subjects, however solely 29 p.c of that inhabitants trusts AI. Belief is a really deep phrase. Why don’t you belief one thing? You don’t belief one thing since you don’t assume it’s producing excessive integrity, correct solutions. Chances are you’ll not belief it as a result of it might substitute you sooner or later, and also you don’t like that both.

However on the identical time, you’re going to be inquisitive about what’s going to be such an iconic drive. So, you need to maintain attempting and utilizing it and maybe getting higher to in the end, hopefully, leverage it to your profit with the intention to be related as a person developer or to go rather a lot sooner sooner or later.

I feel that’s in all probability the rationale, particularly with the developer viewers. I feel they’re a really discerning, let’s say analytical viewers, and they are often prickly if issues should not deterministic with the way in which it has been for a really very long time. This can be a very probabilistic form of know-how. It’s virtually like going to a on line casino and utilizing a roulette wheel. You’re going to get a unique reply each time. It’s not essentially comforting for any individual who’s writing very particular code and in search of very particular outcomes.

I feel individuals will get used to that over time. It’s a thoughts shift change for individuals writing software program. That could be the rationale why individuals are intrigued, as a result of it’s so highly effective as a know-how. Don’t get me mistaken. We use vibe coding all over at Stack. All of the options I discussed to you, our designers and product managers vibe coded it first to indicate it and get consumer suggestions earlier than we went and constructed it. We’ve embraced these instruments internally for that profit. So, there will probably be methods wherein you’re feeling snug utilizing it, however I feel that’s the core purpose.

I really need to speak about that dependency. You recognize that it’s not reliable, however you’re constructing merchandise with it. You’re constructing merchandise to allow it. The large announcement this week is Stack Overflow AI Help. You’ve talked about it a number of instances all through this dialog. You’re betting that that is what individuals need, proper?

You’re betting that an AI-powered instrument on Stack Overflow will assist extra individuals. Perhaps that factor goes to hallucinate like loopy and provides individuals the mistaken reply. Perhaps it’s going to, I don’t know, inform Kevin Roose that it loves him on the entrance web page of The New York Instances. I similar to teasing Kevin. Hello, Kevin.

How do you make that guess when you understand that the customers don’t belief it, however you continue to must roll out the instruments as a result of that’s the place the trade goes?

We imagine we’ve really unlocked an important facet of that belief difficulty and responded to it. Our AI Help function is a RAG plus LLM answer. Successfully, it supplies a solution that first goes out into our corpus of tens of thousands and thousands of questions and solutions. We’ve 80 to 90 million. These are first used to provide a response. In the event that they don’t, there’s a fallback possibility the place it goes and leverages our companion OpenAI, for instance, to have the ability to go and produce reliable data from different elements of the online. So, it first searches by means of our trusted, attributed data base. It produces the hyperlinks so individuals can go down that path and be taught extra about it. Attribution is essential to us, proper?

That’s how we’re navigating the hallucination aspect., We’re always testing it, and it’s not excellent. There’ll at all times be enhancements. However we’re additionally the place the world’s headed, and if these fashions proceed to get higher, then we must always profit from these enhancements. Finally, we must always have the perfect answer since you’re getting grounded human context plus the LLM strengths.

I feel the factor that I’m most inquisitive about is the religion that the fashions will proceed to get higher. I’m not one hundred pc positive that’s true. I’m unsure that LLM know-how as a core know-how can really be clever. As you’re saying, individuals are very drawn to the pure language element of those fashions and the interface shift that’s taking place. There’s the platform shift that we’re all going to develop software program with pure language or let the LLMs purpose and mainly self-prompt themselves into a solution.

There’s one thing there that appears dangerous. Are you perceiving that danger in the present day? Are you factoring that in or are you saying, “That is the place we’re at now and now we have to proceed till one thing adjustments?”

I feel the very first thing across the LLM enchancment airplane is that I’m with you. It’s laborious to understand how issues are going to enhance. Whenever you simply take into consideration the previous six months and that it’s plateaued, growth, right here comes Gemini 3. Once more, we’re proud companions of Google. It’s a seed shift. It blows each different mannequin out of the water. Now, we’ve received a code crimson state of affairs in different corporations, different LLM rivals. So, it’s —

Sam Altman did kind the phrases “code crimson,” by the way in which. I need to say that. In order that’s excellent.

Maybe that was the way in which for me to return within the day. The purpose is that it’s stunning that you just’re capable of produce that form of a leap when issues have seemingly plateaued. I don’t know. I can’t predict that as a result of these people like Demis are deep, deep within the topic. So, that’s true, however there’s additionally going to be different improvements that we’re not aware about. Like I used to be explaining beforehand, transformers had been clearly an enormous improvement on this area. There could also be one thing that these AI analysis labs provide you with that we’re not even conscious of that’ll push issues. Finally, we all know that the compounding results are very actual. We’ve received limitless compute, extraordinarily highly effective chips, and GPUs that at the moment are decreasing their prices.

I used to be at AWS re:Invent this week the place they talked in regards to the Trainium chips, withTrainium3 and Trainium4 being constructed out. There’s going to be simply the proliferation, and then you definitely’ve received entry to knowledge, which we’ve already talked about. So, when these items mix and compound collectively, it’s going to provide very magical outcomes. I feel that’s the idea and why my very own assumptions are rooted in the truth that it’s going to enhance general.

The explanation I’m asking about this within the context of the instruments you’re constructing and everybody utilizing it however solely 29 p.c of individuals trusting it’s since you’ve received to deliver that quantity manner as much as attain the returns that each firm investing in AI is attempting to succeed in, together with yours. I don’t know if the core know-how can do this. I don’t know in case you can stack a bunch of applied sciences to try this.

However I do know that one model of the way forward for software program improvement is every thing vibe coding on a regular basis. One other model of the way forward for software program improvement seems to be like writing intensely lengthy prompts for fashions which can be pages and pages themselves, which appears ridiculous to me however perhaps that’s the future.

One other model seems to be like, “We return to people on the chopping fringe of software program improvement, and they’re co-developing with an AI mannequin after which perhaps asking Stack.” That appears like a richer, extra attention-grabbing future, nevertheless it’s unclear to me the place we’re on that spectrum or how that even performs out.

I feel that now we have not solely a hen’s eye view within the context of our public neighborhood with this 29 p.c knowledge level, however our enterprise clients give us a transparent view on the place they’re. The ROI query is being requested very closely inside corporations, and I feel 2026 goes to be the yr of rationalization. If 2025 was the yr of brokers — the place each instrument’s being tried out inside these corporations — there’s a really open panorama for CTOs to go and purchase and take a look at varied instruments. So, I feel it’s been an amazing time for a number of the corporations constructing these instruments.

However 2026, the CFOs will stress with, “Okay, productiveness enhancements have to come back from these. We’re going to rent much less individuals as annual planning occurs.” There’s going to be large stress within the system to show what the true worth is. Everyone on the senior stage that I’ve talked to acknowledges that it is a massive shift, and so they all are leaning into it fairly laborious. They’re all ready for the enhancements. I feel most corporations will say that they’ve seen enhancements within the small teams the place they’ve examined these instruments, however that’s a self-selecting group as a result of they’re lovers. They’ll see nice productiveness features, which might be true, however there’s an absolute drop-off in productiveness as you consider the adoption throughout the enterprise. Most likely for a similar causes, by the way in which. You’re telling workers to make use of instruments which can put them out of a job, so why would they need to do it? Or extra essentially, if these instruments should not excellent and so they’re hallucinating and will probably be held accountable, that’s not good both.

Then after all, there’s the method change, the mindset change, that you need to utterly change your workflows of how you’re employed, all of the enterprise change administration work. That’s the reason our answer, Stack Inner, is constructing this human curation layer, or data intelligence layer. With the MCP server on prime, the data base within the center, after which our capacity to ingest data from different elements of the corporate, we will create these atomic Q&A which can be extraordinarily useful to root your enterprise data in these AI brokers. That’s that answer. That’s why we’ve actually gone laborious at producing that.

We’ve seen a extremely robust response from our clients. We’ve a number of the world’s largest corporations leveraging, testing, and constructing this with us, like HP, Eli Lilly, Xerox, all these corporations. It’s been wonderful to see them gravitate to us as a result of they need to fulfill that ROI level that you just’re making. What are the gaps? It’s belief once more. So, they need this belief layer by means of an organization like Stack that they will really insert in between their knowledge and their AI instruments.

Whenever you say the age of rationalization, what I hear is that you just assume the bubble’s going to pop in 2026.

I feel the exuberance in simply attempting out varied instruments and these limitless AI budgets will in the end come to roost. I’m unsure in regards to the bubble bursting. There’s undoubtedly going to be corrections alongside the way in which. There’s no query about it in case you take a look at historical past. The variety of distributors which can be promoting into these corporations. What I’m very shocked by is that there’s related performance. There’s 4 of them being examined inside these corporations.

All these corporations might have gotten to $100 million in annual recurring income (ARR), however sooner or later there’s going to be churn when the CTO decides, “You recognize what, I’m solely going to perhaps use one and perhaps a second one as a backup.” No totally different from the cloud. If you consider the multi-cloud world again within the day, individuals didn’t have three clouds out of the gate. Now you will have perhaps one main cloud and one secondary cloud. That is totally different, however on the identical time, you’re going to have like 4 totally different vibe coding instruments in my view.

When you consider Stack Overflow as being that belief layer, that’s the worth add, that’s what you possibly can perhaps cost a premium for over time. You’re nonetheless depending on a instrument that solely 29 p.c of your customers belief. And I do know you’re speaking about RAG and that your different methods are doing that. How do you assume you deliver that quantity up with Stack Overflow? Is that doable so that you can do or does the ecosystem must do it for you?

I feel it’s an ecosystem level usually talking as a result of that’s extra a mirrored image of what individuals have entry to past Stack, proper? They’ve received entry to all these different choices. What we will deal with is being essentially the most very important supply for technologists. So for us, it’s about ensuring this content material is great and prime quality, however that it’s additionally an incredible place for individuals to domesticate neighborhood, join with one another, be taught and develop of their careers.

I feel the way in which we will do it’s by means of the truth that we’re working with all these massive AI labs and the truth that our reliable data that’s been painstakingly human curated goes to circulate into these LLMs, which in the end produce reliable solutions. We’re form of one layer behind, however that’s the place we function. We function in that belief layer or the info layer, if you’ll, within the context of LLMs. So, that’s our oblique contribution to that 29 p.c.

Prashanth, this has been an incredible dialog. You’re going to have to come back again before three years subsequent time. What’s subsequent for Stack Overflow? What ought to individuals be in search of?

Our largest focus will probably be ensuring that we construct this enterprise data intelligence layer for corporations to really use AI brokers in a reliable manner. We’re very, very enthusiastic about our Stack Inner product on the enterprise facet, which we launched a few weeks in the past at Microsoft Ignite, in addition to serving to our neighborhood customers join with one another to essentially be taught in addition to develop their careers on the general public platform, as I’ve talked about all through.

There are going to be so many avenues and new entry factors, like our AI Help, our subjective content material, chat, and different issues that folks hopefully discover helpful as issues change round them very quickly. They are often a part of this wonderful neighborhood and assist one another out. So these are the 2 focuses, enterprise in addition to our public neighborhood.

All proper. Effectively, when the bubble pops subsequent yr, we’re going to have you ever come again and we’re going to say you predicted it.

Thanks, Nilay. I respect it.

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